Investigation of the Effect of Heating Duration in Gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) Processing on Its Phytochemical Composition and the Resulting Characteristics of a Gambier-based Acne Balm Product

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Published Aug 24, 2025
https://doi.org/10.55043/jaast.v9i3.443
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Vol. 9 No. 3 (2025): Journal of Applied Agricultural Science and Technology

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Rilvi Muhammad Tio
Universitas Andalas
Najla Rosyadah
Universitas Andalas
Novizar Novizar
Universitas Andalas
Rini Rini
Universitas Andalas
Tuty Anggraini
Universitas Andalas
Umar Ahmed
Modern College of Business and Science
Cesar Welya Refdi
Universitas Andalas
Daimon Syukri
Universitas Andalas

Abstract

Gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) contains potent bioactive compounds with strong natural antimicrobial properties, making it a promising ingredient for acne treatment. However, its application in topical formulations remains limited due to a lack of understanding regarding the impact of processing conditions, particularly heating, on its functional efficacy. This study investigated the effect of heating duration on the characteristics of an acne treatment balm formulated with black cube gambier. Experiments using a completely randomized design (CRD) were carried out for 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes of heating durations to evaluate the balm's physical, chemical, and microbial properties. The results demonstrate that heating duration significantly influenced key parameters, including homogeneity, spreadability, melting point, irritation potential, texture, color, pH, total phenol content, and antibacterial activity (p < 0.05). The most optimal results were obtained at 120 minutes, yielding a balm with superior homogeneity, spreadability (4.47 cm), melting point (50°C), pH (7.44), total phenol content (54.28%), and diameter of the inhibition zone (16.35 mm). FTIR analysis confirmed an increase in phenolic compound stability, indicating enhanced antibacterial potential. These findings suggest that extended heating duration improves the stability and performance of gambier-based formulations. The optimized acne balm formulation highlights the potential of locally sourced gambier as a natural, eco-friendly acne treatment. Further research is recommended to evaluate product shelf-life, consumer acceptability, and industrial scalability.

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Author Biographies

Rilvi Muhammad Tio, Universitas Andalas

Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology

Najla Rosyadah, Universitas Andalas

Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology

Novizar Novizar, Universitas Andalas

Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology

Rini Rini, Universitas Andalas

Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology

Tuty Anggraini, Universitas Andalas

Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology

Cesar Welya Refdi, Universitas Andalas

Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology

Daimon Syukri, Universitas Andalas

Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology

How to Cite
1.
Tio RM, Rosyadah N, Novizar N, Rini R, Anggraini T, Ahmed U, Refdi CW, Syukri D. Investigation of the Effect of Heating Duration in Gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) Processing on Its Phytochemical Composition and the Resulting Characteristics of a Gambier-based Acne Balm Product. J. appl. agricultural sci. technol. [Internet]. 2025Aug.24 [cited 2025Aug.28];9(3):371-84. Available from: https://www.jaast.org/index.php/jaast/article/view/443

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